Friday, December 27, 2019

Each day, someone in the world dreams anywhere from a few...

Each day, someone in the world dreams anywhere from a few seconds up to thirty minutes. He or she will experience a good dream and a bad dream in his or her lifetime. Why do people dream? Scientists still do not know why people dream, but some studies say dreams are beneficial for us and help us in different ways. Certain types of dreams occur with different stages of sleep, such as lucid dreaming, nightmares, daydreams, false awakenings, etc. Dreams also help us express our feelings and relieve stress built up throughout the day. While little is known about why people dream, researchers have identified that there are three common types of dreaming. There are two different categories of sleep, REM sleep and Non-REM sleep. REM sleep, or†¦show more content†¦That is why lucid dreaming feels realistic and somewhat memorable. In the 1970’s, a parapsychologist named Keith Hearth proved that the moving eyes in a lucid dream affect the physical eye’s movement.(2) Lucid dreaming also has its effects, such as experiencing false awakening or sleep paralysis. However, if one was to have a nightmare lucid dream, it can transform the fear from the dream to courage. People have reported that knowing they are dreaming a nightmare reduced the fear by at least 60%.(5) Lucid dreaming has been a worldwide technique proven to lessen the frequency of the amount of nightmares one receives. Lucid dreaming references go back 3000 years, but the name was created in the 1900’s. (6) People can become smarter while dreaming. All people have to do is just dream about what they desire to do better in. In 2011, the Sleep Disorder s Unit in Paris did a study on the brain replaying patterns experienced during conscious hours.(4) They taught people with sleepwalking disorder dance moves and taped them while they slept that night. They discovered from their patients that they replayed the dance move previously learned while sleeping.(4) Another study in 2010 was from Harvard, college students were supposed to complete a computer maze. The students who dreamt about the maze performed better than the students who didn’t dream about the maze.(4) Also in 2010, there was a study in the University of Bern where volunteers were told to dreamShow MoreRelatedMy Experience At The Fire Department Of New York Essay1881 Words   |  8 Pagesgiven day do not think about that day and how it changed me as a person. I worked twenty years for the Fire Department of New York, I cannot say I got there by my intelligence or physical prowess it was dumb luck on a civil service exam. My retirement was very simple first when I was a teenager my family summered in Wells Beach I ha d gotten a summer job at the local beach market known as Ben’s Market I worked there four summers. My dream was when I would retire I would buy the market from Ben. InRead MoreShort Story1793 Words   |  8 Pagesand torn by time. For the eight hundred and thirty fifth time that familiar gust of wind greets me as it always does, well except for that one time on Tuesday, July 7th 2015 when the power went out all over town. I walked the eight and three-quarters steps it took to reach the milky white counter with its 9,867 black specks. That was exactly sixty-nine times as many as the visible freckles John had while he was in his uniform. I’ve had orgasmic dreams about the number of sprinkles of melanin scatteredRe ad MoreAdolescence And Falling On Love2998 Words   |  12 Pagesborn in Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh, in 1934, and grew up in Jamnagar (Gujrat), Dehradun, and Shimla. His writing career spans around some forty years and in the span of these forty years Sir Ruskin has written over a hundred short stories, essays, novels, and more than thirty books of children. 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I maintained she was putting it on, but J.D. claimed she couldn’t help it. Freddy Gray remarked that she hadn’t walked that way last year. He said she’d walked like any otherRead MoreEssay on Fall of Asclepius95354 Words   |  382 Pagesinfested every part of this world. People panicked, people died. They clawed at each other just to get out of all the infested areas around the world. There was problem about fleeing from infested areas. Everywhere was infested. There was no where anyone could go without encountering the walking plague. You know that phrase War is Hell? Well... its dead wrong. War at least has some organization to it. What was faced in the last days... by last days I mean the last days of civilization not life;

Thursday, December 19, 2019

The Contemporary Challenges Of Outsourcing - 1244 Words

Matthew Butler December 2nd 2014 Contemporary management Professor Beehner M.P.A Contemporary Challenge Essay Outsourcing â€Å"Outsourcing is the transfer of control of a process or product to an outside supplier†(Hasan). For this assignment, please identify a contemporary management challenge (e.g. diversity, globalism, ethics social responsibility, etc.). Then, identify a company or organization that you believe has been impacted by this contemporary challenge. Write a minimum four-page paper, with a cover page, and works cited page (in addition to the four-page minimum). The paper should address (1) the challenge faced by that company or organization, (2) how management is responding to that challenge, (3) a critical analysis of the management response, and (4) how you would have responded to that challenge. This paper should be written in MLA format. 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There are several challenges for superintendents as it relates to their ability to efficiently and effectively manage the organization. One fiscal management challenge is creating a budget that is not a deficit-producing budget. Some superintendents do a poor job for managing their school district’s budget. This often leads to them outspending

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Theoretical Foundations and Research Directions

Question: The Chief Executive Office and Chief Information Officer was impressed by analysis of the contact centre. They would like you to explore the solutions a little further by analysing how to potentially adopt some of your digital innovation recommendations into the organisation. They are interested in understanding which technology needs to be adopted, how it can be integrated, any structural or managerial changes which are needed and how to build digital trust within the community and market place. The organisation does not have a lot of additional capital and as such requires a detailed cost benefit analysis to be performed and KPIs to be identified to ensure the digital innovation is being integrated in an efficient and effective manner. Answer: Introduction: There are several technologies which are coming ever next day with some or the other innovative feature. The customers are fascinated with the latest technological products and services. Therefore the Chief Information Officer and the Chief Executive Officer both are planning to implement digital innovation in their organization i.e. a contact center. Technology is one of the most important factor which drives growth and development in the organizations. The companies which take use of innovative technologies are high in brand awareness as well as in profits (Yoo, et al., 2012). There are several competitive benefits which the organizations achieve if they take use of technology and digital innovations in the processes and operations (Yoo, Henfridsson and Lyytinen, 2010). Following is the information related to the adoption and integration of the new digital innovation as well as of the Cost benefit analysis of the selected technology. Adoption and Integration The CEO and CIO want to implement such digital innovation by which the contact center can be developed into a customer interactive engagement center. For this there is a need of adding human touch in the technological and digital experience. The companies are taking use of such technologies so that they can achieve higher benefit of differentiation and to develop an association with the customers. This human touch or customer engagement can be adopted and integrated in the organization by various digital innovations. From the contact center the organization is required to develop its segment to customer engagement (Fichman, Dos Santos and Zhiqiang (Eric) Zheng, 2014). This will be done by developing an interactive support center. This support center will have two side communication i.e. interaction with the customers as well. There will be installation of programmes which will enable the interaction of the customers and having their views and queries related to the services of the co ntact center (Davey, 2015). Cost Benefit Analysis The Cost benefit analysis is highly essential to be performed of any other technology, product or service before their purchase or integration. This analysis will help in understanding the relative benefit or value the customer will get after expending a specific amount over the purchase of that particular product or technology. The primary objective of this analysis is to know whether the costs incurred for the installation of the technology are high or the benefits attained by the adoption of the technology are more. The comparison will provide the result which will help in the decision making of the organization regarding the adoption of the technology or not. As the budget of the organization is not so high so there is a need to analyze the cost and benefits thoroughly (Watkins, n.d.). Costs Amount (Per annum) Benefits Amount (Per annum) Technical Experts $70, 000 Profits because of increased customer base $200,000 Installation costs $100 (one time) Increase revenues because of brand awareness $50,000 Maintenance cost $50 Total $70,150 $250,000 Net Profit which can be achieved through the adoption of technology: $250,000- $70,150= $179,850. After the analysis of the technology it has been evaluated that there are several benefits of implementing and integrating this technology in the contact center such as this will have higher customer involvement, increased customer base, up surge brand awareness and high profitability. The most and the vital benefit which will be achieved through the implementation of the technology is the saving of time (Davenport, 2013). From the cost benefit analysis there has also been analyzed what all costs will be there for the adoption and integration of the digital innovation. There will be limited costs posed over the company such as the research and development costs, labor cost i.e. the technical experts who will install the programs for having greater customer engagement and the maintenance cost (Van Doorn, et al., 2010). Thus on the scale of cost benefit analysis it can be evaluated that the digital innovation is appropriate according to the small budget of the organization as well as there are high number of benefits which the technology will provide to the organization presently as well as in the longer time frame. Organizational structure To implement or integrate any technology there is a significant need to identify the structure of an organization. Here the organization is a medium size enterprise with average investments and assets with approximately 250 employees. The contact center has good reputation in the regional market. The organization is developing with a continuous growth every year. To implement any digital innovation thereis a need that all the employees or the organizational structure must not have negative implicationsof that technology (Teece, 2010). Thus there will be several sessions and programs for making the organizational structure ready to adopt the digital innovation in the organization. In the present scenario there are several issues related to cyber security. People do not have reliability and trust over the various small organizations and websites a there are high chances of fraud and hacking. Because of the increased online transactions and online banking there are several cases registered on daily basis of breaking of cyber security (PWC, 2013). In an organization related to contact center this is one of the biggest issue which is required to be resolved. The cases of injured cyber security give rise of customer detachment from the organization and the wrong brand image in the industry (Accenture, 2017). Thus it is one of the primary responsibility of the companies to build the digital trust of the customer that there data is secured and encrypted so that no third party can misuse their data. Thus the contact centers take use of digital innovations and technologies for securing and safeguarding the customers data and information (Bijmolt, et al., 2010). Conclusion The report basically provides the increasing use of digital innovations in the organizations for achieving higher growth, success and competitive advantages. From this report it can be concluded that the use of digital innovation is a must ting for the organization having improved processes and revenues. In present scenario there are several contact centers but the actual recognition is achieved when there ate high security and customer engagement programmes in those centers. The contact centers are now changes and are more the customer engagement centers where the customers can also be involved invarious things. The organizations must have an analysisof the organizational structure as well as the cost and benefits of the technology which is going to implement in the organization so that appropriate actions can be took for improvement in the operations. It can also be concluded that to have increased brand recognition the contact centers must develop higher digital trust among the cu stomers. The greater the digital trust will be the higher will be the customer base. Thus from an overall analysis and the report it can be concluded that to achieve competitive benefits and to have a long term sustain ability the organizations must have adoption and integration of digital innovation in its various operations and processes. Recommendations There are few recommendations which can be provided to the organization or to the CEO and the CIO of the company for achieving better results from the integration of digital innovation. There is an extensive need to develop a digital identity in the market so that the customers can be fascinated by the products and services of the company. Thusthe companies must adopt new technologies and digital innovation on a continuous basis to have higher customer base (Jaakkola and Alexander, 2014). By building high amount of digital trust the company will be able to maximize its revenues and growth potential as well as it will also able manage its risks in various opportunities present in the digital age (Blanger and Crossler, 2011). The organization must also prepare its organizational employees of the technology and must be comfortable in using the digital innovation in their work. References Accenture, 2017, How to secure your customer's digital trust, Accessed on: 10th January, 2017, Accessed from: https://www.accenture.com/in-en/insight-cybersecurity-digital-trust-2016 Blanger, F. and Crossler, R.E., 2011. Privacy in the digital age: a review of information privacy research in information systems.MIS quarterly,35(4), pp.1017-1042. Bijmolt, T.H., Leeflang, P.S., Block, F., Eisenbeiss, M., Hardie, B.G., Lemmens, A. and Saffert, P., 2010. Analytics for customer engagement.Journal of Service Research,13(3), pp.341-356. Davenport, T.H., 2013.Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. Davey, N., 2015, 15 top customer contact technology trends for 2015, Accessed on: 10th January, 2017, Accessed from: https://www.mycustomer.com/service/contact-centres/15-top-customer-contact-technology-trends-for-2015 Fichman, R.G., Dos Santos, B.L. and Zhiqiang (Eric) Zheng, 2014. Digital Innovation as a Fundamental and Powerful Concept in the Information Systems Curriculum.Mis Quarterly,38(2), pp.329-343. Jaakkola, E. and Alexander, M., 2014. The role of customer engagement behavior in value co-creation a service system perspective.Journal of Service Research,17(3), pp.247-261. PWC, 2013, Building Digital Trust The confidence to take risks, Pp.20, Accessed on: 10th January, 2017, Accessed from: https://www.pwc.com/sg/en/publications/assets/build_digital_trust_201312.pdf Roberts, C. and Alpert, F., 2010. Total customer engagement: designing and aligning key strategic elements to achieve growth.Journal of Product Brand Management,19(3), pp.198-209. Teece, D.J., 2010. Business models, business strategy and innovation.Long range planning,43(2), pp.172-194. Van Doorn, J., Lemon, K.N., Mittal, V., Nass, S., Pick, D., Pirner, P. and Verhoef, P.C., 2010. Customer engagement behavior: Theoretical foundations and research directions.Journal of Service Research,13(3), pp.253-266. Watkins, T., n.d. AN INTRODUCTION TO COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS, Accessed on: 10th January, 2017, Accessed from: https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/cba.htm Yoo, Y., Boland Jr, R.J., Lyytinen, K. and Majchrzak, A., 2012. Organizing for innovation in the digitized world.Organization Science,23(5), pp.1398-1408. Yoo, Y., Henfridsson, O. and Lyytinen, K., 2010. Research commentary-The new organizing logic of digital innovation: An agenda for information systems research.Information systems research,21(4), pp.724-735.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Romantic Poetry Multiple Choice Essay Example

Romantic Poetry Multiple Choice Paper the speakers questions in lines 1-2 and 9-10 suggest that the subject of the lamb is the creator of the lamb reread lines 5-8 of the chimney sweeper from songs of innocence. the author symbolizes the loss of innocence in these lines with the shaving of toms head why are the boys in Toms dream in the chimney sweeper from songs of innocence able to play on the green plain an Angel unlocks their coffins that trap them the boy says that he is alone in lines 1-4 of little boy lost because the father walks too fast for the boy to keep up the questions in lines 5-8 of the tyger suggest that the tiger is a wild and powerful force in lines 13-16 of the tyger, the descriptions of furnaces, hammers, chains, and anvils create a sense of the creators strength which phrase best expresses the boys unhappiness in lines 1-4 of the chimney sweeper from songs of experience crying weep weep compare lines 1-4 of the two poems titled chimney sweeper. what idea do both poems express some parents force their children to work what does the author show his concern for in all of the poems innocence where is the speaker at the beginning of lines composed a few miles above tintern abbey in a beautiful landscape in lines composed a few miles above tintern abbey, the speaker shows romantic poetrys interest in the commonplace by describing a cottage orchard with unripe fruit notice that semicolons interrupt the main idea in lines 114-119 of lines composed a few miles above tintern abbey. What does this stylistic element express in the sentence love that the speaker feels for his sister reread lines 155-159 of lines composed a few miles above tintern abbey. In years to come, the sister will remember the speakers love of this place because of her at what time of day dies the speaker in composed over westminster bridge see the view sunrise line 11 of westminster bridge contains inverted syntax. which is the best rewrite of this stylistic element I never saw or felt such a calm before what problem does the speaker identify in the world is too much with us people have lost their connection to nature in i wandered lonely as a cloud, the speaker finds daffodils along the edge of the lake which phrase from i wandered lonely as a cloud is a good example of the natural speech that romantic poets sometime used beside the lake, beneath the trees lines composed a few miles above tintern abbey and i wandered lonely as a cloud are similar because the speakers value a relationship with nature in rime of the ancient mariner, reread lines 31-38. the wedding guest beats his own breast because he is missing the wedding in this literary ballad, the repetition of the word ice in lines 58-60 emphasizes that the ice completely surrounds the ship the sailors are unable to speak in Part 2 because thirst dries up their mouths reread lines 162-170 and the authors margin notes to clarify the narratives plot. why does the sailors joy at the sight of a ship change to horror the ship sails despite the lack of wind or tide what has life in death won in the game of dice the mariners life what torments the mariner on the boat for a week in part 4 the stares of his dead crewmates the mariners spring of love for living things in line 284 causes the spell on the mariner to break why do the spirits say that the spirit of the land of mist and snow will continue to punish the mariner the spirit loved the bird that the mariner killed reread lines 493-495 of this ballad. the author most likely uses the strong rhyme of these lines to stress the supernatural quality of the beings the mariner says that the activity that is sweeter far to him in line 602 is praying in church with others in the second stanza of to a mouse, the speaker describes people as fellow creatures living on the earth during what time of the year does to a mouse take place early winter in lines 21-24 of to a louse, the speaker is amazed to see the louse trying to climb the very top of the bonnet where is the one place in which the speaker would expect to see a louse a ragged boys clothing the animals in both poems are causing emotions in the speakers what has happened to the statue in ozymandias the statue has fallen apart over time where are the kings works that the words on the pedastal in ozymandias command people to look upon all have been destroyed over time the regular rhythmic pattern of iambic pentameter in line 14 of ozymandias has the effect of emphasizing the unchanging stretch of sand reread lines 7-11 of ode to the west wind. what brings new hope in the section spring wind waking the earth the event in section 2 of ode to the west wind that best reflects the violence of the poems historical context is the burst of fire in a dark storm reread line 54 of ode to the west wind. the iambic rhythmic pattern in this line emphasizes the speakers actions of falling and bleeding which expression tells you that the speaker in she walks in beauty admires the womans gentleness that tender light reread the third stanza of she walks in beauty. what main idea does the stanza structure allow this sestet to emphasize the speaker admires the womans goodness what sight in nature inspires the speaker in when i have fears that I may cease to be a night sky full of stars and clouds if you paraphrase line 14 of when i have fears that I may cease to be, the result of the speakers thinking is that his thoughts about death make love and fame meaningless the gods and maidens in the first stanza of ode on a grecian urn are part of the decoration on the urn in lines 41-50 of ode on a grecian urn, the speaker stresses the immortality of the urn in lines 31-35 of ode to a nightingale, the speaker will be able to join the nightingale through writing poetry that portrays his joining the bird in stanza 6 of ode to a nightingale, the speaker thinks a good time to die would be at midnight while the nightingale sings

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Vincent Romano Essays (1231 words) - Sports, Injuries, Neurotrauma

Vincent Romano Dr. Myers English 1301.4033 April 3, 2017 Concussions in Football American football is one of the most violent sports in the U.S. It is also the most popular. Every year, millions of Americans, either from home or in attendance at the stadium, spend enormous amounts of money to enjoy football. As viewer's watch the high impact hits delivered, the viewer's attention is focused on the present situation of the game and the players' future safety is far from the mind. Concussions in American football is a major problem. Concussion prevention and protocol are a couple of the most important factors to attempt to begin bringing the concussion rate down in all levels of American football. Another important factor is the teaching of proper football techniques starting at the youth level. Youth football players could benefit from a modified tackling process that would better protect them from the risk of a concussion (Johnson 183). With the speed and size of athletes increasing every year, improper tackling techniques being performed at such a fast pace c ontributes to the concussion problem in American football. USA Football should implement a mandatory concussion safety certification program to combat the issue of concussions and require coaches to complete this training prior to leading football requiring coaches to complete prior to teaching football to ensure the safety and future of American football athletes. The main problem is coaching practices for youth athletes is not utilizing safe tackling techniques to avoid concussive and other head injuries. A potential solution is USA Football should design and make mandatory a safety program that teaches coaches to enforce the use of proper tackling techniques, proper equipment fitting, the dangers of concussions, and the mandatory safety protocols for head collisions. A detailed and mandatory safety program could help decrease the concussion rate and eliminate serious injuries and deaths in the industry of American football, providing beneficial results. Problem- Professional football leagues, organizations, and trainers have an active interest in player health and safety. USA Football, a U.S. governing body for American Football, stands for the development, participation, safety, and value of the game for all players, coaches, officials, and parents that have love for the sport. USA Football is a non-profit organization that was established in 2002 in Indianapolis, Indiana. The mission was to lead coach and player development and connect the football communities that will hopefully advance and grow the sport. USA Football provides the best certifications, resources, and programs for millions of athletes around the world. USA Football serves everyone from youth leagues to middle school and high school. USA Football is dedicated to making the game safer and better so that nothing stands in the way of a player's excitement for the sport. USA Football's main goal, through the advancement of coach training, is to develop valuable leadership, g uidance, and practice skills. The training allows the coach to be the best mentor for the players resulting in the best path for the athlete's future. Though football training excellence exist, it lacks mandatory certification to insure proper tackling techniques are utilized to avoid severe head injuries. One main issue involved when dealing with concussions related to the game of football is not using the appropriate tackling technique. Football tackling and being tackled is the leading cause of concusiions and is 13% higher in football than any other sport (Meehan and Landry). In an attempt to reduce the instances of concussions, new rule changes in the NFL were implemented in 2012 to restrict a player from leading with the helmet to make a tackle. The rule change was created in the hope to avoid big head to head collisions and decrease the number of concussions (Baumgart and Wada). If players are guilty of this action, they are penalized in the game upon further review. The hit is reviewed later by the NFL to determine a fine for any player that made illegal hits. In the article, "The NFL's Tackling Dilemma", Mark Fainaru-Wada and Simon Baumgart writes, "that from the year 2012, when the rule was applied, to 2013, player's penalized for an illegal hit dropped from forty to twent y-five" (Baumgart Wada). However, penalties and fines may be decreasing the rate of concussions, but it

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Free Essays on Alienation According To Marx

What does one mean by alienation? Alienation is said to be the misperceived separation of essence from the object that it characterizes.1 In 1844 Karl Marx wrote and published The Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, better known as The Paris Manuscripts. This was Karl Marx’s first work, where he writes a study about alienation of workers. Alienation manifests itself in many different forms. Marx argues that; â€Å"One must understand, there are three types of alienation. The first type of alienation is alienation from oneself. The second type of alienation is alienation from his fellow human beings. The third type of alienation is alienation from the world as a whole. These three forms of alienation are interconnected.† This is the core of his approach to the problem of alienation. (Monthly Review, 2000, p.35) However, Alienation has also been associated with early theological writings to refer to the estrangement of a person from God as well.2 Therefore it is without question that Alienation can be extremely harmful as its principle action is to cause people to feel isolated and alone. The recognition of man as a â€Å"species† becomes important to the theory of Alienation, which is central to Marx’s work and vital in reiterating the human essence of man.3 Alienation for Marx was a consequence of the conditions within systems of mutual production, which caused man to lose his identity as a species being and fall into an alienated state through the production of capital.4 Subsequently, he became detached from his conscious life activity causing him to be detached from himself, from others and the product of his labor. Essentially man comes to lose all his traits that identify his recognition of himself as human, causing him to become de-humanized. In the Paris Manuscripts Marx identified four specific ways in which alienation pervades capitalist society. The product of labour: The worker is alienate... Free Essays on Alienation According To Marx Free Essays on Alienation According To Marx What does one mean by alienation? Alienation is said to be the misperceived separation of essence from the object that it characterizes.1 In 1844 Karl Marx wrote and published The Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, better known as The Paris Manuscripts. This was Karl Marx’s first work, where he writes a study about alienation of workers. Alienation manifests itself in many different forms. Marx argues that; â€Å"One must understand, there are three types of alienation. The first type of alienation is alienation from oneself. The second type of alienation is alienation from his fellow human beings. The third type of alienation is alienation from the world as a whole. These three forms of alienation are interconnected.† This is the core of his approach to the problem of alienation. (Monthly Review, 2000, p.35) However, Alienation has also been associated with early theological writings to refer to the estrangement of a person from God as well.2 Therefore it is without question that Alienation can be extremely harmful as its principle action is to cause people to feel isolated and alone. The recognition of man as a â€Å"species† becomes important to the theory of Alienation, which is central to Marx’s work and vital in reiterating the human essence of man.3 Alienation for Marx was a consequence of the conditions within systems of mutual production, which caused man to lose his identity as a species being and fall into an alienated state through the production of capital.4 Subsequently, he became detached from his conscious life activity causing him to be detached from himself, from others and the product of his labor. Essentially man comes to lose all his traits that identify his recognition of himself as human, causing him to become de-humanized. In the Paris Manuscripts Marx identified four specific ways in which alienation pervades capitalist society. The product of labour: The worker is alienate...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Sikhism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sikhism - Essay Example Sikhism originated from the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev who opposed the caste system of Hinduism. The followers essentially believe in a formless God who is universal and both the creator as well as destructive force. The religious essentially is inclined towards protection of human rights and grants freedom to follow any religion as well as reject control by the political governance. Shinto (the way of many gods) is a Japanese religion which beliefs that every object whether living or non-living bears a life and therefore has a soul. The religion preaches regard towards the spiritual forms, which surround the world. The followers of Shinto believe in possession of the spirit, faith healing and shamanism. The paper here shall focus on one of the distinct religion of the east, originating in the state of Punjab, India, popularized as Sikhism (7 Major Eastern Religions, n.d.). Sikhism was initiated in 1469 in India after Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born. He was the first prophet of the Sikhs and the 10th or last was Guru Gobind Singh Ji. While Guru Nanak Dev Ji preached against the caste system, animal sacrifice and fasting, the later advocated all Sikhs to be baptized. The Rehatnamas was written by following the teachings of Guru Sahib, which directed the code of conduct of the followers. Guru Angad Dev Ji wrote the Gurmukhi script of the Sikhs. The third Guru created the hymns for funeral ceremony, the fourth Guru wrote hymns to be recited at marriages. The first four Gurus’ hymns were compiled by the fifth Guru to form the Adi Granth. Guru Gobind Singh Ji who compiled the ninth Guru’s hymns into the Adi Granth completed the Granth Sahib. After their tenth Guru died the Sikhs had their language, holy places and code of conduct and above all, a religion independent of all others. The Sikhs began to rule Punjab from the 1760s. It is the youngest of the four renowned religions of the world centering on worship of one God. The term ‘Sikh’ indic ates ‘disciple’, that is disciple of Sikh Gurus. (Guru’s Period, n.d.; Sikh Kingdom Era, n.d.) The Sikhs mainly pursue the preaching of the 10 Gurus scripted in their holy book, the Guru Granth Sahib. The religion is based upon noble conduct in life entailing truthfulness, equality and rejection of all kinds of superstitions and rituals without any scientific base. The Sikh should ensure a stable and persistent relation with God. According to the beliefs of Sikhism, the followers were supposed to worship one God who is ever existent. The religion preaches against the caste system, untouchability, any kind of occultism or horoscopes, â€Å"Shradh, Ancestor worship, Pind, Patal, Fasting, Tilak, Janju, Tulsi, Malla, Gor, Math, Marhi† and idol worship (SGPC, n.d). Yet the religion permits an individual to gain knowledge of other practices by reading. The Khalsa or the community of Sikhs should pray to God before taking on to any task and should not affect the sentiments of others. A Sikh child needs to be educated in the doctrines of Sikhism right after birth along with other lessons. The hair of the body should not be tampered with and a Sikh should not take any kind of intoxicant. A Sikh woman or man is not supposed to pierce his body (even ears and nose). One is not permitted to steal or get associated with gambling. A woman from the Sikh community is

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

International marketing - the case of Mcdonald's Essay

International marketing - the case of Mcdonald's - Essay Example Differences in culture, behaviour and customer needs across nations have posed new challenges while also providing new opportunities in international marketing. These have altered the segmenting, targeting of the market and product positioning. Thus international marketing strategy is a comprehensive effort which entails deployment of the marketing mix to create a sustainable advantage in the international market place (Wong and Merrilees, 2007). The right marketing mix and the marketing decision can change the brand perception and enhance the firm’s reputation leading to strong brand performance. The power of global brands can be used as a means of international entry but such brands also have to adapt to cultural and other environmental conditions. 2. Company Background McDonald's is one of the most respected and recognized brands in the world. Its success is ascertained from the fact that the organization has over 33,000 franchisees across the world, operating in 119 countr ies and serving over 47 million people each day (Han, 2008). McDonald's has achieved success purely because of its ‘think global, act local’ strategy that it has adopted in all its markets. Initially however, McDonald's had an ethnocentric approach to international marketing as it tried to replicate the home country elements overseas. However, through experience and knowledge it adopted the polycentric approach and focused on the demands of the host country. 3. Standardization and Adaptation Gilani and Razeghi (2010) do not consider it necessary to adapt to the elements of the marketing mix to suit to local tastes as markets have become globalized. However, globalization has not homogenised cultures. Standardization which pertains to identical product lines at identical prices, distributed through identical distribution lines with identical promotional programs (Zou, Andrus, Norvell, 1997), is not feasible in the changed business environment as this demonstrates a produ ct-centred approach whereas organizations need to have a customer-centric approach. McDonald's, in order to fit in to the new market demands, adjusted the entire marketing strategy including how they distribute and promote their brand. The company re-designed its marketing mix based on the product positioning, branding and design. 4. Product Positioning Product positioning is the product’s positioning and image that lends it a distinct value and place in the target segment’s mind (Liu and Chen, 2000). Since buyers differ in their attitudes, lifestyle and behaviour, these differences help in market segmentation. Within each segment product positioning strategy has to differ. McDonald's initially positioned itself as the market leader with low-priced quality food (Need Coffee, 2005). McDonald’s continuously strives to serve the customers better as its vision is to be the ‘world’s best quick service restaurant experience and ensure that every customer in every restaurant smiles (Andidas, 2003). However, as it entered the Asian markets, particularly China, it had to reposition itself. Burgers in China are perceived by the elders as providing nutritional value while the youth seeks taste (Anderson and He, 1998). Even though they do not relish pizzas or fast food, but the Chinese consumers would like to be seen at fast food outlets. McDonald's strategy was to provide the ambience, music and the environment that attracted the Chinese consu

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Examining Ethnic Differences in Achievemen Essay Example for Free

Examining Ethnic Differences in Achievemen Essay 1. The definition of an ethnic group is a group of people of the same race or nationality that share the same cultural norms and values. 2. Three ways in which the education system may encourage separation between children of different ethnic backgrounds are: Labelling and teacher racism, many teachers label their students and studies by interactionist sociologists found out that many teachers labelled black children as disruptive and they didn’t want them in their class. Another reason is the ethnocentric curriculum. Troyna and Williams describe the curriculum in British schools as ethnocentric because it gives priority to white culture and the English language; this causes separation between white pupils and other ethnic pupils. A final reason is the selection and segregation available to schools. David Gillborn argues that marketization has given schools greater scope to select pupils. This puts some ethnic minority pupils at a disadvantage because selection gives more scope for negative stereotypes to influence decisions about school admissions. 3. There are many ways in which factors in children’s home background may lead to differences in achievement levels between ethnic groups. The first way is cultural deprivation; this is split into 3 aspects. The first is intellectual and linguistic skills. Cultural deprivation theorists argue that many children from low-income black families lack intellectual stimulation and enriching experiences. Bereiter and Engelmann consider the language spoken by low-income black American families as inadequate for educational success. The next aspect is attitudes and values. Cultural deprivation theorists say that some black children are socialised into a subculture that instils a fatalistic ‘live for toady’ attitude that does not value education and leaves them unequipped for success. The final aspect of cultural deprivation is family structure and parental support. Daniel Moynihan argues that because many black families are headed by a lone mother, their children are deprived of adequate care because she has to struggle financially in the absence of a male breadwinner. Also Ken Pryce claims that Asians are higher achievers because their cukture is more resistant to racism and gives them a greater sense of self-worth. However, he argues, black Caribbean culture is less cohesive and less resistant to racism. As a result, many balck pupils have low self-esteem and under-achieve. Another reason is Material deprivation and class. According to Flaherty; Pakistani’s and Bangladeshis are over three times more likely than whites to be in the poorest fifth of the population, as a result statistics show that Pakistani and Bangladeshi boys are among the lowest ethnic groups in the country to obtain 5 A-C GCSE’s. A final reason is racism in wider society. David Mason says â€Å" discrimination is a continuing and persistent feature of the experience of Britain’s citizens of minority ethnic origin. † 4. The differences in educational attainment between different groups of pupils have been a major focus of much sociological research. These differences can often be seen to be largely due to different social class, but also gender or ethnicity. Social class is the most significant and dominant factor when looking at these differences, but ethnicity also has a relative impact on educational achievement. Education has a key role to play in eradicating racism and valuing diversity and it a responsibility for all educational establishments, including those with few or no ethnic minority pupils. Promoting racial equality demands a whole school approach and commitment from all those who are involved in the life and work of their school. Racism is linked to the educational achievement of minority ethnic groups, however the connections are complex. Gilborn and Mirza conclude that ‘social class and gender differences are also associated with differences in attainment but neither can account for persistent underlying ethnic inequalities: comparing like with like, African Caribbean, Pakistani and Bangladeshi pupils do not enjoy equal opportunities. ’ They also argue that in promoting educational inclusion as a means of raising standards, there is a need ‘for clarity and guidance in translating the commitment to equality and inclusion into policy proposals and practice at the local and school level. Many cultural deprivation theorists see the lack of intellectual and linguistic skills as a major cause of under-achievement. Gordon Bowker identifies their lack of standard English as a major barrier to progress in education and integration into wider society. However the Swann Report found that language was not a major factor in under-achievement. Other cultural deprivation theorists suc as Charles Murray argue that a high rate of lone parenthood and a lack of positive male role models lead to the under-achievement of some minorities. Also Anthony Flew believes that ethnic differences in achievement stem from cultural differences outside the education system, not discrimination within it. However Geoffrey Driver criticises the cultural deprivation theory for ignoring the positive effects of ethnicity on achievement. He shows that the black Caribbean family, far from being dysfunctional, provides girls with positive role models of strong independent wome Driver argues this is why black girls tend to be more successful in education than black boys. Some socilogists that the ethnic differences in education are cause by racism. John Rex shows how racial discrimination leads to social exclusion and how this worsens the poverty faced by ethnic minorities. In housing, for instance, discrimination means that minorities are more likely to be forced into substandard acoomodation than white people of the same class. This creates separation due to the ethnic children not being able to study at home and therefore getting lower grades than the white children who are able to study at home.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Low Cost Model For Long Haul Airlines

Low Cost Model For Long Haul Airlines As most industries reach a stage of maturation, the changing nature of the airline industry is evolving to integrate novel strategies and business models needed to comply with consumer needs. The low-cost airline sector is a model that generated large financial gains but saturation is observed, leading companies to discover new opportunities in the long-haul low-cost market. The article explains the principles behind the idea, justifying the failure of previous attempts and proposing a novel business model that can be adjusted to todays economy. 1. Introduction The airline industry is characterized by instability and unpredictability making it one of the most risky to invest in, succeeded only by the hospitality industry. Due to significant exposure to external factors, the airlines are subject to financial losses and damages, with the most recent being the terrorist attack on the US on September 11th in 2001. The global airline industry suffered greatly and any financial stability plummeted reports show losses of $10 billion only by US airlines in 2002 (Wensveen et al., 2007) In order to adapt with the continuously changing environment, airlines employed a cost-reduction policy by reducing capacity, in-flight amenities and management expenditure. The effectiveness of this method urged many companies to reconstruct their strategy to comply with consumer demand and lifestyle (Taneja, 2005). As a result, passengers were starting to prefer the more cost-effective approach of Low-cost carriers (LCCs) than conventional methods. A form of low-cost travelling had already emerged in the 1970s by Southwest Airlines, who kept low-unit costs by reducing aircraft turn-around time at the gate which inspired current companies follow its business strategy (Bamber, 2009). Today modern development of the strategy lead to a low-cost revolution with LCCs controlling 30 and 40% of the market capacity in the US and UK respectively since 2005 (Taneja, 2005). Due to the success of the model and the inevitable future saturation of the short-haul LCCs, companies focused their interest in converting the same business model for long-haul flights and turning it into a profitable business plan. However the concept of a low-cost long-haul airline is not new but previous attempts have not been successful. The earliest example is Freddie Lakers Skytrain which offered no frills transatlantic flights from London Gatwick to New York with single class tickets costing only  £59 one-way. The competitive pricing from established airlines that ensured after the relaxation of transatlantic market fare regulations, lead to debt accumulation of  £270 million and the company ultimately failed in 1982 (Calder, 2006). This review will examine the issues raised by the entrance of low-cost airlines to the long-haul route market and assess the factors that lead that prevented growth and establishment of such companies. By assessing how the elements of low-cost travelling are transferable to long-haul operations and the sustainability of such projects, solutions to building a successful business model could be found. 2. Other LCCs and proposals Shortly after the demise of Lakers venture, a US based low cost airline named People Express commenced flights from New York to London Gatwick in 1983 and later added Brussels. By providing connecting flights at its Newark hub and charging $3 for checked baggage, the company proceeded to expand from a successful low-cost carrier to offering economical long-haul flights. However, due to over-expansion and management problems the company was terminated in 1987. Recent attempts to adopt the Skytrain model of low-budget travelling include Oasis and Zoom Airlines. Oasis, based in Hong Kong, offered non-stop service between Hong Kong and London Gatwick in 2007, generating huge success due to the low cost of  £75 for one-way flights. Due to growing competition by leading airlines which landed in the more centrally located Heathrow and rapid accumulation of losses due to the unsustainable fares, the company failed just after 18 months. On the other hand, Zoom Airlines which operated between Toronto and several UK airports since 2006, had a longer lifespan but was forced to shut down after outstanding debts and bankruptcy were reported. A variety of ideas and proposals for long-haul travelling were suggested but were unable to raise the necessary finance. One of the most controversial cases is Civair, which was scheduled to start up a low cost flight between Cape Town and London Stansted in March 2004. However in December of that year, 7,400 passengers were left stranded when the company did not have an aircraft for the flight and no alternatives could be funded leading to closure. 2.1 Long-haul vs. short-haul flying Low-cost carriers have inherent differences in various factors when distinguishing between short-haul and long-haul flights. These include crew and security requirements, turn-around times, airport facilities, route authorities and route density. The competitive advantage acquired in short-haul LCCS cannot be transferred to long-haul, low-cost carriers because the only means of being profitable is optimizing aircraft capacity. Theories that could possibly create revenue by using the low-cost, long-haul model fall in two categories: either using a long haul airbus, charging higher baggage fees, buy-in food and beverages and fly to secondary airports or acquiring many cheap long-haul aircrafts with two-class service and secondary airport bases which will conduct multiple flights per week(Wensveen and Leick, 2009). The former theory would only be viable in practice if high volume city pairs could fill all the seats in the aircraft while the latter relies solely on getting cheap aircraft . However before developing hypotheses and specifications, attention should be given on the business side of airline operation. Judging from previous attempts, despite the original promising profits, most companies failed due to improper business planning. 3. Airline business planning and airline failure Every attempt of an airline entering the low-cost, long-haul flight market lead in failure, despite all the positive indications in the beginning. While there are hundreds of reasons leading in an airline failure, several common errors in business planning are shared between all of the cases. 3.1. Inability to maintain competitive advantage A company should be able to establish a sustainable, competitive advantage by analyzing and targeting the correct market while having the ability to compete with other carriers in the long-term. In the case of Skytrain, where Laker Airways entered the market of LCLH market without any competitors, it generated significant gains which were quickly diminished after the introduction of other airlines in the market. Uniqueness of an airlines business concept is important as it sets it apart from the competition otherwise will fail to raise necessary funds. 3.2. Inadequate income growth and profitability In most cases, many airlines business often dont demonstrate income growth and profitability. By displaying unrealistic financial projections in order to sell the business concept, the airline will fail. Bottom line growth is vital for the financial establishment of a company and that growth should be based on valid financial assumptions which can be backed up by quality measurements. 3.3 Incompetent leadership While the importance of a capable management team is underestimated, its one of the most imperative factors I gaining the interest of potential investors, as its believed that an average idea can be made profitable by the correct mindset. In most airlines the management team is overlooked in the business plan and this discourages investors from investing money. On the contrary, a good team is able to highlight any risks involved in the strategic objectives of the company and create a business plan that will ensure growth. A prime example is the introduction of Gordon Bethune as a new Chief Executive Officer of Continental Airlines the company had already filed for bankruptcy but Mr. Bethunes actions reinstated the fading airline into the most thriving carriers(Bethune et al., 1998). 3.4 Limited initial funding Most airlines require large funding throughout their development which cannot be obtained easily and combined with poor business plans lead to untimely failing. Airlines such as Oasis and Zoom were closed due to inadequate funding while competition by other companies was rising (Bradsher, 2008) . Correct estimations of the funding required and also taking into account the money lost during setup and initial operations, will lure investors for money investment as the potential for profitability will be significantly displayed. 3.5. Overexpansion and lacking flexibility Airlines often tend to expand their destination and aircraft base, with the impression that it will increase income revenue. In most of the cases, it was the limiting-step towards failure. Moderate growth and balanced route frequency can prevent overexpansion and sustain optimal gains. Additionally, the ability to compromise and adjust to the changing economical and social environment can subsequently increase the popularity of an airline among passengers. Continuous operation will lead to dependence on financial support from loans or subsidies and eventually bankruptcy. 4. Can the long-haul, low-cost model work? Studies have examined the possibility of the low-cost model integrating in long-haul flight business and clear advantages and disadvantages have been noted. At first, due to the absence of direct substitute for long-haul flights as well as the already competitive prices, there isnt adequate evidences that lower fares can increase demand in the same manner as in short-haul flights. Moreover, secondary airports cannot be used for the landing of large-aircrafts due to size and time limitations and also cost-effectiveness (Maertens, 2010). However, a cost advantage of 20 to 25% is possible if a carrier can offer online booking to reduce distribution costs and only point-to-point services where connective flights to the desired destination can be arranged by the individual passenger. Today, companies such as AirAsia X and Jet Star have managed to find a balance between price and service in order to provide low-cost flight opportunities. 4.1 Jetstar The Australian airline has managed to become one of the most successful start-ups in the recent years. While being a fully owned subsidiary of a legacy carrier, Quantas, is managed and operated separately. After commencing flights in the domestic Australian market in 2004, Jetstar operated its first international flight to from Melbourne to Singapore on December 2010, marking a new era for economical long-haul flights. Their low fares are based on the notion of offering point-to-point routes between Australia, Asia and the Pacific, in order to complement Quantas main international flight schedule. The company also offers choice between two ticket types, economy and premium economy, which various in-flight meals and snacks can be purchased or complimentary, respectively. 4.2 AirAsia X The Malaysian AirAsia which was the pioneer of low-cost carrier operations across Asia introduced the long-haul service AirAsia X in 2007 to provide more options and greater affordability to a wider marketing spectrum. Based in Kuala Lumpur, the worlds biggest low-cost hub, it has covered many destinations in Australia, Europe and Asia. A key principle in order to keep costs low is high frequency of flights and providing point-to-point medium or long haul services. As a true no-frills service it includes lots of seats and passengers purchasing in-flight meals and entertainment. It also offers a premium class which is similar to economy fare of legacy carriers while in June 2010, a US$10 million refurbishment was introduced introducing flat beds in the premium area with a small rise in the ticket fare (Anonymous, 2010). 5. Building an efficient low-cost long haul airline By evaluating the facts and figures of the previously mentioned airlines, Jetstar and AirAsia X, its evident that that reasonably priced long-haul travel can become a reality by utilizing specific cost-effective methods and business strategies. While this increase in long-haul travelling maybe attributed to the expanding economy in Asia (Hooper, 2005) and the rapidly increasing competition among emerging low-cost airlines in the continent, it has been shown that intercontinental travel as demonstrated by AirAsia can be profitable while maintaining low fares. These techniques can also be employed for any up-and-coming LCLH airline in Europe or US, to ensure their development. 5.1. Ensure faster turnaround of aircraft Short-hauls are considered to have more cost-advantage than long-hauls due to landing at secondary and less congested airports which allows higher crew and aircraft utilisation. Long-haul flights usually require more time refuelling and servicing, therefore less rotations can be performed compared to short-hauls. However, by landing at a specifically designated low-cost hub, such as Kuala Lumpur, can minimize refuelling times and costs of servicing while providing adequate support for larger aircrafts. 5.2. No frills services All-economy seating and in-flight food and beverage which can be purchased can aid in the revenue of sales while pre-booked in-flight entertainment such as hand-held devices could be useful in long-haul flights. 5.3. Point-to-point travelling only This method employed in short-haul flights ensures short turnaround times and prevention of time-consuming services which would affect timetables. Modern long-haul airlines could seek interline partners to expand their flight capabilities, similar to the co-operation of the Australian company Jetstar with its partner company Quantas (Jetstar, 2007). 5.4 High density cabins and lower input prices Gains from the long-haul flights will be possible if high seat densities exist which could make up for the low ticket fare, as more passengers equal to increased revenue. Also by importing dual-seating system with premium seats which can be charged at higher prices and have extra amenities, a market for passengers requiring conditions similar to business flights can be created resulting in more profit. New entries in the airline industry are benefited from very low unit aircraft prices in large orders as well as hiring younger and cheaper pilots. Moreover, costs of advertisings and website/call centres can be avoided to cut down expenses, since the low price is a sufficient reason for passengers to choose those companies. 6. Novel business models Because of the limited solutions and benefits on directly developing a low-cost, long-haul airline, new business models have been developed for potential exploitation into a low-cost model. 6.1. Network specialists These companies cater mainly to business passengers and are specifically operated as a corporate shuttle for routes with high-yield. A prime example is PrivatAir, a Geneva-based airline which has survived through contracts with major corporations to transport their employees between locations (Wensveen and Leick, 2009). It offers business class seating on trans-Atlantic flights using several Airbus and Boeing planes. It can also operate as an operator for existing airlines such as Lufthansa and KLM which utilize the company for their business class services in Germany. 6.2. Product specialists Airlines which focus on business and affluent leisure travel and are all-business class, all first class or both. These types of airlines are on par with legacy airline yields and offer premium cabins for long-haul flights. Companies in this market include Eos Airlines, MAXjet Airways, Silverjet and LAvion. While the first three carriers had gone bankrupt, LAvion which seemed promising and was recently acquired by British Airways did not make any profit as well (Lagrorce, 2008). Eos and Maxjet airways both operated between London Stansted and New York JFK using Boeing 757-200 while Silverjet operated between London Luton and Newark as well as Dubai. All three airlines ceased operations in 2008. LAvion operated between Paris Orly and Newark and is currently a subsidiary of British Airways OpenSkies unit. While the original offer of low fares and premium facilities seemed promising, all four companies filed for bankruptcy, citing rising fuel and oil prizes, limited funding resources an d newly formed competition on the specific routes by legacy carriers. While this business problem does not seem to be problematic, adjustments should be made in order to give motives to increase passenger preference. 6.3. Price specialists These airlines mainly adopt lower-costing strategies to compete with existing companies solely on price. This includes the low-cost, long haul flight plan which has been employed by various airlines such as Oasis Hong Kong, Zoom, Jetstar, Viva Macau and AirAsia X. In order to compete with legacy companies, larger aircrafts with high-seating configuration should be used to make profit. With the exception of Oasis and Zoom, which were bankrupt, the rest of the companies flourished with expanding their flight schedule beyond Asia and Australia. The problems leading to failure in the two named companies mainly involve insufficient business planning as discussed in a previous section. However long-term effects of the plan remain to be seen as sustaining low prices can be proven difficult with the current economy. 6.4. Long-haul charter carriers While unit costs for charter carriers is 10-20% more expensive than LCCs (Teckentrup, 2007), their increasing use for long-haul travelling made them an attractive alternative to network airlines, usually for summer destinations. Many European charter companies now target specifically long-haul destinations, such as Corsair which operates an all-economy Boeing 747-400 between Paris and Overseas French territories in the Caribbean; such high density planes are not used on other long-haul international travel by the company. Due to competition and projects bearing no success such as Britannia Airways, which discontinued flights from UK to Australia, charter airline long-haul flights have been restricted to limited time frames and leisure destinations. However, charter flights represent a large percentage of long-haul market and could potentially be exploited beneficially. 7. Sustainability of the low-cost model and future projects As the long-haul market becomes successfully grown and becomes profitable for major carriers again, it is likely that other carriers will be interested to obtain a share of the market. Due to the over-saturation of the low-cost short-haul airline industry in Europe, established LCCs such as Easyjet may utilize point-to-point flights by co-operating with long-haul flight companies to lower prices for distant travelling. Employing new aircraft types such as Airbus A350 and Boeing 787 can fly longer distances offer denser seating that would be possible to fit 800 seats flying between main hubs such as London-New York. Deregulation can also create a potential increase in new services, as many markets are limited to one or two national carriers. As this breaks down, the introduction of new entrants, such as Virgin Atlantic in the India-UK and India-USA markets can spur new competition and lower prices in international travel (Phadnis, 2012). For now, the low-cost, long-haul market appears to be decreasing as one of the pioneers of this sector AirAsia X pulled its European services citing the damaged economy of European countries and exorbitant government taxes affecting its ability to offer low-cost fares (Thomas, 2012). Even Ryanair, which declared that will commence transatlantic flights in 2007, has recently confirmed that long-haul flights are not happening for some years (Olorenshaw and Sturke, 2007). 8. Conclusions The substantial success of certain LCCs has certainly led to the perception of an attractive business model and its implementation is being utilised by various long-haul operators. Established LCCs are reluctant to join the long-haul market due to the dangers present but that is rapidly changing. Experience and expertise gained by short-haul markets can be transcribed successfully in the long-haul operating scheme, which will greatly compensate to the losses that will occur as the markets become saturated with myriads of low-cost carriers. On the other had, traditional airlines are equipped with an array of qualities such as established clientele, reducing economy seat fares to attract new passenger and experience in international flights puts the beginner low-cost carrier in a disadvantageous position. By employing a long haul point-to-point model to promote cross-selling and service integration with more established, traditional companies allow passengers to fly from smaller markets in other regions via LCCs. As with any new business model, achieving cost advantages is not enough to deem it successful. Theres a long history of competitors which offered subsidised low fares to combat new entrants in the long-haul market, leading them to financial difficulties and bankruptcy. Continuous innovation is needed in the evolving air transport market and adjusting to emerging carrier types could be beneficial. Combining a solid business plan which is flexible, manageable and competitive with a long term vision will guarantee a successful transition to the long-haul business.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Corporate Social Responsibility in Supply Chain Management Essay

Case Study: Singapore The case was developed with the cooperation of Singapore Compact for CSR solely for educational purposes as a contribution to the Project entitled â€Å"New Corporate Procurement Strategy on Trade in Goods and Services in APEC Region – Supply-chain options with CSR perspective -† conducted under the auspices of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). The case is neither designed nor intended to illustrate the correct or incorrect management of the situation or issues contained in the case. No part of this case can be reproduced, stored or used without the written permission of the author and the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation.  © 2007 APEC Secretariat 216 Case Study: Singapore Executive Summary NTUC FairPrice Cooperative Ltd is the leading supermarket retailer in Singapore. The company is known as a â€Å"supermarket with social conscience.† Its supply chain activities focus on developing effective strategies to improve product quality and safety by working closely with its suppliers in implementing standards and good CSR practices. Singapore imports 95% of its vegetables from other economies since the local farms cannot meet the local demand. FairPrice itself imports about 80% of its vegetables. Sellers need to ensure that the vegetables are safe for consumption and its supply is ample. FairPrice invested in a fresh food distribution center in 2002 to enhance its ability to move its stock faster and maintain freshness quality. The Good Agricultural Practices for Vegetable Farming (GAP-VF) certification ensures that local suppliers meet the standard but the certification does not cover overseas suppliers. FairPrice needs to encourage these overseas suppliers to adopt similar standards. The standard applied to organic vegetables is even higher. FairPrice works with Agrifood Technologies Pte Ltd to develop an in-house certification program that would provide assurance of the integrity of the organic produce. FairPrice participates in the Pekan Baru project, a collaboration of the Indonesian and Singapore governments. FairPrice purchases 50 tons of vegetables per week from Pekan Baru. As the sole importer of the vegetables produced in Pekan Baru, FairPrice provides more work and income for more than 500 farmers and many operators along the supply chain. The project also involves technology transfer which helps the farmers to implement good agricultural practices and get higher yields of better quality vegetables. Pekan Beru farmers learned the technology on cold chain management which makes it possible to maintain the freshness of vegetables while being transported from the farm to FairPrice distribution centers. With quality assurance, FairPrice packages the vegetables under its house brand, Pasar. Branding the vegetables under Pasar has helped to market and increase demand for vegetables from Pekan Baru since FairPrice is a trusted brand in Singapore. CSR is a journey and FairPrice continues to strive to be the best place to shop, the best place to work, and the best corporate citizen. Introduction In the retail sector, companies compete for the consumer’s money by looking at the marketing mix of 4Ps – Product, Price, Place and Promotion. These are traditionally the four factors that retailers consider in their marketing strategy. However, due to globalization and better consumer awareness, retailers need to address another 3Ps – People, Planet and (not only) Profit. Consumers no longer just buy what is displayed on the retail shelves. They are asking questions as to how the products have been produced, and what has been their impact on society and the environment. For retailers to compete effectively in the market today, they need to assure consumers that what they put on the retail shelves are ‘ethical products’. In the supermarket retail industry, product quality (e.g. freshness, taste) and safety are two of the key concerns. If consumers in Singapore are in doubt about the product quality and safety of any retailer, they have a lternative sources such as vendors in local fresh produce markets. Hence, to 217 Case Study: Singapore compete effectively, supermarket retailers need to look at how and not just what they are doing in business. By examining the opportunities and challenges in the context of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) within the supply chain, businesses can sharpen their competitive edge and be good corporate citizens. Company Profile Established in 1973 by the labour movement, NTUC FairPrice Cooperative Ltd has grown from its first shop set up to moderate the price of sugar and rice to being the leading supermarket retailer in Singapore. It employs over 5,000 and runs a retail network of 216 outlets comprising 76 FairPrice supermarkets, one FairPrice Finest, two FairPrice Xtra (Hypermart), three Homemarts, 19 FairPrice Xpress and 116 Cheers Convenience Stores. FairPrice’s founding mission was to moderate the cost of living for the ordinary households in Singapore. Over the years, FairPrice’s mission has evolved to its present mission which is to moderate the costs of a good life. Essentially, FairPrice’s aim is to be: †¢ †¢ †¢ the best place to shop, the best place to work, and the best corporate citizen. To be the best place to shop, FairPrice focuses on maximizing consumer satisfaction which is based on its brand promise of delivering value, quality and service. Key to this commitment are its procurement practices. FairPrice’s product sourcing takes into account consumer feedback and needs, and market trends. It sources from established and reputable companies. It always tries to diversify its sources of supply, particularly for essential items. It also develops its own range of house brand products to offer consumers an alternative to national brands. FairPrice plays a strong role in establishing the price of essentials in Singapore. During the avian flu outbreak that resulted in the ban of egg imports from the region, FairPrice responded swiftly to the crisis by putting in place precautionary measures to curb profiteering. To prevent arbitrage, FairPrice took unpopular but necessary measures in restricting the purchase of eggs. To further alleviate the egg shortage, it imported Australian and New Zealand eggs as alternatives. Even after the ban on Malaysian poultry imports was lifted, FairPrice continued its efforts in working with business partners to peg chicken and egg prices at a reasonable level. Through this, FairPrice helped restore egg prices to pre-ban levels. To be the best place to work, FairPrice is a unionized employer that has good labour-management relationship. FairPrice takes a holistic approach in providing for employees well-being and opportunities for growth and development. FairPrice received the Work-life Excellence Award 2006 conferred by the tripartite committee on Work-life Strategy Singapore, in recognition of its programs to help employees balance personal commitments and work responsibilities. FairPrice contributes to the community through its own initiatives such as its annual Used Textbooks project, its Million Dollar Food Voucher Scheme for the needy and the provision of study grants to children of needy members. It also engages its network of suppliers to support its community efforts such as Heartstrings Buys, a fund-raising drive for the Community Chest. To promote environment protection, FairPrice launched the ‘Love Nature’ reusable bags to encourage its customers to reduce their reliance on plastic bags when shopping for groceries and necessities. In addition, the company participated in the ‘Bring Your Own Bag Day’ to encourage 218 Case Study: Singapore shoppers to bring their own shopping bags instead of using plastic bags. Cashiers at the retail stores have been trained to pack more items in each bag to reduce the consumption of plastic bags. As a good corporate citizen, FairPrice was cited as the â€Å"supermarket with a social conscience† by the Far East Economic Review in a 2000 survey report. In September 2005, FairPrice signed the UN Global Compact (UNGC) to support the initiative of the Singapore Compact movement to establish a UNGC network in Singapore and help raise awareness among more companies of the key principles of CSR which it upholds. FairPrice was also conferred the President’s Social Service Award in 2005 in recognition of its contributions to society. As a responsible food retailer, FairPrice is both a Case Trust accredited member and a Food Safety Partner of Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority (AVA) the economy-wide food safety authority of Singapore. FairPrice also supports pro-family initiatives and prides itself as a pro-family business retailer. It was voted one of the best loved pro-family retailers in the Singapore 2006 contest organized by the Ministry of Community Development, Youth & Sports. In another survey conducted by the Reader’s Digest in 2006, FairPrice was voted in by consumers and won the Trusted Brand Gold Award for the supermarket chain category in Singapore. The Supply Chain Singapore has only 256 licensed farms covering 746 hectares1 which cannot supply enough fresh meat, fruits and vegetables to meet the demand of its population of 4.4 million. Singapore imports 95% of its vegetables worth S$314 million since local farms can meet only 5% of the demand for vegetables. It imports vegetables from Australia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, The United States and Viet Nam. With Singapore’s high dependence on imported fresh vegetables, local sellers such as supermarkets need to ensure that the imported food is safe for consumption and its supply is ample. FairPrice invested S$25 million on a 130,000 square feet fresh food distribution center in 2002 to better manage its supply chain for fresh food. The setting up of the fresh food distribution center enhances the ability of FairPrice to move its stock faster and maintain freshness quality. The distribution center also provides the right infrastructure to improve the handling process of fresh food, thus reducing spoilage. Good temperature management and storage management are critical in maintaining the quality of food and preventing cross-contamination. FairPrice is committed to maintain a high standard of food safety and hygiene at the fresh food distribution center by getting the center to be Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) certified. From the distribution center to the retail stores, FairPrice uses refrigerated trucks to transport the vegetables. At the store, temperature checks are conducted again before putting the vegetables on the retail shelves. FairPrice works with the relevant authorities to develop standards. One such initiative is the implementation of the technical reference standards on cold chain management for chilled pork in 2005. The standard was developed by AVA and SPRING Singapore, the economy-wide standard body, together with FairPrice. It provides strict receiving, storage and display guidelines to ensure that the quality of the pork is not compromised.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Role of Ngos in Bangladesh

Role of NGOs in Bangladesh In all spheres of development, NGOs are reported to have created a landmark in the history of Bangladesh. NGOs as the proper alternative organizations have the vision of imagination, flexibility, autonomy, creativity, innovative machinery, experience resources and strategies of executing programmers including non formal constructive education. NGOs have different projects towards development.Doubtlessly to say, the NGOs with their constructive efforts have been promoting development strategies by creating unique changes in the field of socioeconomic progress in Bangladesh since her independence. Most of the endeavors made by the NGOs mainly targeted to achieve overall development of the country by meeting pragmatically or practically. The NGOs have their constructive mission in developing the country. They touch the fundamental elements of socio economic development of a country.If human resources are not properly used, it will be gradual inactive and usele ss for the country bringing no utility. The most important NGO innovation has been in the way they reach the poor. A group-based or target group mobilization strategy underpins virtually all development NGO programs aimed at service-delivery. Such an approach serves to fulfill not only the goal of economic improvement through direct targeting and beneficiary participation, but also that of social and institutional development through strengthening the organizing capacity of the poor to be more able to help them.The identification of credit as a critical need felt by the poor and subsequent designing of an efficient and cost-effective delivery mechanism to serve this need, have justifiably become the most will-known of the development NGO innovations in Bangladesh. The model pioneered by  Grameen Bank (GB)  has established micro-credit as the most widely replicated anti-poverty program in both government and development NGO sectors. The role of the development NGOs has been cruci al in a number of primary healthcare concerns, notably immunization and diarrhea control.NGOs have been particularly successful in effectively disseminating health through innovative media campaigns. Gains in immunization are already being reflected in reduced infant mortality. Universal awareness of oral dehydration therapy has also sharply cut down cases of diarrhoeal deaths. Low enrollment and high drop-out rates have been major problems that plague primary schools in Bangladesh. In response to this the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee(BRAC) pioneered a system of model is focused on poor children.It employs young Para-professional teachers (mostly female) drawn from the community. A strong emphasis is placed on parent and community involvement. Some NGOs undertake unique programs of technology transfer. Declining soil fertility is an emerging environmental concern. About eight NGOs are currently involved in ground-breaking farm-level innovations in fertilizer-use and pest-m anagement. These activities are complemented are developing an extension system for appropriate technology transfer to homestead agriculture.It encourages cultivation of a variety of fruits and vegetables and teaches the proper method of cooling. The result not only provides income but also improves the nutritional status of the family, particularly children. During the seventies and early eighties, irrigation led agriculture was promoted by the government agencies. Small farmers with an acre or less of land could not afford irrigation technology. In response to the need of the small and marginal farmers and also to promote crop diversification, NGOs developed low-cost irrigation technologies through research and experiment.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Automobile and Buses Urgency Essays

Automobile and Buses Urgency Essays Automobile and Buses Urgency Essay Automobile and Buses Urgency Essay in front of my school is a narrow one . very busy place . Every afternoon when school finished roads become more crowded and full of kids, bicycles , cars and buses urgency and struggle to use it . Sometimes a policeman there to help solve the problem of traffic congestion , because congestion chaos, we should be careful not to get involved in an accident . Several accidents have occurred . I was a witness to one. In the event only after school . As usual path utter bedlam . Children walking on the oad to get to their cars and buses . Cars and buses honking mad at them. Just then I saw a young man making a dash across the street . There are loud horns blare , a brake squeal and I saw a car knocked into the boy. He fell as if his feet were swept from under him . Fortunately the car was not moving very fast and the driver managed to stop the car before the wheels can hit the boy fell . All traffic stops. I ran to the boy and saw blood on the road. He was bleeding from a wound on his head. A guy came and inspected the boy. Then he lifted the boy is brought to the car . They accelerate , perhaps to the hospital. Many people surrounded the driver looks in anger and stared . A policeman came to calm things down. Like there was nothing I could do , I turned and walked down the street carefully. It is terrible to witness the accident. I certainly do not want to be involved in one. suddenly I heard a sound like the call I boy! quickly get up I Just think it is a nightmare.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Economic Benefit Of Holiday Business In Perlis Tourism Essay Essays

Economic Benefit Of Holiday Business In Perlis Tourism Essay Essays Economic Benefit Of Holiday Business In Perlis Tourism Essay Essay Economic Benefit Of Holiday Business In Perlis Tourism Essay Essay Tourism is an activity done by an person or a group of persons, which leads to a gesture from a topographic point to another. From a state to another for executing a specific undertaking or it is a visit to a topographic point or several topographic points in the intent of entertaining which leads to an consciousness of other civilisations and civilizations, besides increasing the cognition of states, civilizations, and history. Tourism has a direct impact on the national gross for all touristic states, it creates work chances, industries, and several investings to function and raise states public presentation and civilizations, besides distributes their history, civilisation, and traditions. Presents, touristry industry become one of the most of import sector of the world-wide economic system as disbursement for international and domestic touristry is over trillion of dollar yearly. Besides, touristry industry has been considered by many to be the largest concern in the universe. Despite of planetary jobs such as terrorist act, currency fluctuations, recession and rising prices, and many other factors that can deteriorate the growing of touristry, people all over the universe in both development and developing states place a high precedence on travel. Malaya now become one of the most develops state in the universe due to our development from clip to clip. Malaysia becomes develop state since the epoch of our former Prime Minister Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, Father of Development . He brought Malaysia to the universe of development and makes Malaysia a beautiful state to see. There are 14 provinces in Malaysia which every province have it ain uniqueness and it ain tradition. However, this survey will concentrate on advancing touristry in Perlis, the smallest province in Malaysia. Perlis Indera Kayangan is the smallest province in Malaysia which has a population of 210,000. The cultural composing for the twelvemonth 2000 in Perlis was: Malay ( 174,805 or 79.74 % ) , Chinese ( 21,058 or 9.6 % ) , Indian ( 2,658 or 1.21 % ) and others ( 20,690 or 9.45 % ) . Bordered by the Thai state of Satun in the North, Kedah is the E and South and lapped by the soft H2O of the Straits of Malacca on its western coastline, Perlis exudes quaint good beauty and old countrified appeal. Its land country of 795 square kilometres makes the smallest province in Malaysia. Expansive green Paddy fields, punctuated on occasion by limestone hills, and the mellow rural life style makes driving a refreshing and pleasant manner to see the offering of this finish. The province capital in Perlis is Kangar while the royal town of Arau, merely 10 kilometers off, is the debarkation point for visitants going by rail to Perlis. Perlis lies on both the route and rail paths associating Singapore and Kuala Lumpur in the South and Bangkok in the North. From January to April, the conditions is normally warm and dry with September to December being wetter month. The one-year scope of temperature is from 21AÂ °C to 32AÂ °C while the mean rainfall is between 2000ml to 2500m. The province is celebrated for its calm good beauty, countrified rural scenes and verdant Paddy Fieldss. The sweep of verdant paddy Fieldss makes the landscape appear like a immense canvas of superb green or gold, depending on the season. Perlis was originally a portion of the older land of Kedah, which was conquered by Thailand in 1821. After Restoration of the Sultan of Kedah to his throne in 1842, the Thai established Perlis as a liege province. In 1909, the Thais transferred suzerainty of Perlis to Thailand to Britain. Perlis came under Nipponese business in 1941 during Second World War. Once Nipponese withdrew from Malaya, Perlis was placed under the British Military Administration. In October 1945, the British laid out the programs for Malayan Union. Under the strategy Pulau Pinang, Malacca and nine other Malay province, were to be united under the Malayan Union. Malays resistance to the British programs to organize the Malayan Union catalysed the motion for Independence. The M alay Federation was founded on 1 Febuary 1948 and on 31 August 1957, Malaya achieved Independence. Another of import town is Padang Besar, at the Malaysian-Thailand boundary line. The chief port and ferry terminus is at the little small town of Kuala Perlis, associating largely to Langkawi Island. Perlis has a celebrated serpent farm and research Centre at Sungai Batu Pahat and Gua Kelam and Perlis State Park are tourist attractive forces. Compared to other provinces of Malaysia, Perlis has arcadian appeal, peace and simpleness. The province economic system is dominated by agribusiness, with rice, sugar, herbs and fruits ruling. Forestry particularly from Jati timberwoods and piscary is besides of import, and the province is doing great attempts to pull little and average graduated table fabrication industries and services. The economic activity of Penis is preponderantly agribusiness, which takes up 63 % of the entire land usage. Rice, gum elastic and sugar cane are extensively cultivated while fruit production, particularly mango and Citrullus vulgaris, is besides important. The fabrication and excavation sector, although accounting for merely 0.1 % of land-use, is a major part to the province caissons, giving about 25 % of GDP. Like other portion of Malaysia although Perlis has a multiracial society, there is a predomination of Malay and Thai influence here. The civilization heritage is one of the attractive forces in Perlis. One facet where this is apparent is in its colourful musical and dance public presentations. Canggung, a traditional dance, is a post-harvest traditional dance. During the Tarian Canggung, vocalizing and exchanging of words in Pantun ( poetic stanzas ) , frequently humourous, let the whole community to take part and react to the concomitant of foot-stomping music. The Tarian Terinai, another traditional dance, is normally reserved for royal ceremonials. It is performed to the concomitant of the gendang terinai ( membranophones ) normally played by five instrumentalists. Narrative Tellers called Awang Bath Tell of the glorification of water under the bridge yearss. Similar in many ways to the folk singers of old, the Awang Bath! is an expert with words and they weave magnetizing narrati ves of past heroes and great workss. The Awang Bath will crush his membranophone throughout the narrative, on occasion playing a melody on the flute as the plot line demands, maintaining the crowds enthralled to the terminal. Seni Silat, the Malay emmet of ego defense mechanism, is practiced by both persons and groups. Conventionalized versions now grace official maps and celebrations. The tourer can bask and see the full civilization heritage in Perlis. 1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Specifically, the aims of this paper are To research what are the economic benefits by advancing touristry in Perlis. This aim will supply readers with background of information about some of the ways in which both tourers and touristry endeavor create economic costs and benefits within rural communities. To place the gross part to resident income and wealth ensuing from the nowadays of travellers. Normally, this income will ensue from the traveller outgo in the country. One could gestate of increased occupant wealth in the absent of any visitant, through building of a tourer installation by a nonresident in expectancy of visitants who neer arrive, but this is an improbable exclusion that test the regulation. To analyse what are the interesting topographic points that do non detect yet in Perlis. Actually, Perlis have many interesting topographic points that people still do non cognize and acknowledge. This is because the deficiency of publicity about the topographic point such as Kota Marhum Kayang. This topographic point has its ain history and singularity which less of people know about it. To place tourist perceptual experience about Perlis The tourers perceptual experience is really of import in making research. This to place why economic benefit of touristry in Perlis are non good develop. 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS The research inquiries for this survey are: Why touristry in Perlis can non be developing? What are the factors of economic benefit to pull visitant in Perlis? What are the factors that make Perlis non becomes favorite finish to the tourers? What are the restraints challenges that Perlis province authorities face in advancing Perlis? Why bulk people in Perlis like to travel outside the province to happen occupation? 1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF RESEARCH The focus country of the survey is Perlis province where the information and the information are taken at all the interesting topographic points around Perlis. The restriction of the survey is there are limited figure of survey that been done in this country. The research worker finds troubles to make research in this country because of non many resources that can be discoveries and refer. Besides, the research workers besides find that to make research in Perlis is non interesting and non disputing because there are non many issues or subject to cover. However, this restriction can non go barriers to this research because for research worker, the citizens in Perlis are non many compare to population of people in large metropolis like Pahang or Selangor. Although without any specific stuffs about this subject to mention but based on the observation and researching during making this research, it is non become a large affair. 1.5 SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY. This research is to promote tourer from local and abroad to see Perlis and do Perlis as one of their favourite finish to vacation. This is because, many people non so familiar and cognize about Perlis. In their mentality Perlis is merely a little province which there is nil interesting approximately. This is become one of the chief factor why the economic benefit in Perlis can non be develop and this job will be discuss more in this survey. Furthermore, this research can give some thoughts to the Tourism Agency of Perlis about the methods on how to pull tourer to see Perlis. By making probe about why the Numberss of tourers are less in sing Perlis, we can happen the failings on the attractive force that the Tourism Agency had done. The ways are non so effectual and that can do consequence to the economic besides. Chapter 2 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW Based on the diaries and the articles that had been studied, the overall of the research workers are focus on the strong message that arises from these observation is that those interested in advancing regional development should non merely seek to pull as many tourer as possible into their local country. Alternatively, they should first inquire whether they ought to be advancing touristry at all. 2.1 Interaction Harmonizing to ( Natalie Stoeckl, 2008 ) , when a tourer visits a part, he/she does non merely shoot money into the economic system by doing local purchases. The tourer besides interacts with members of the local community. Likewise he/she will use- and sometimes even abuse- local resources such as nutrient, H2O and lodging. Sadly there is no warrant that the good interaction will function as equal compensation for the bad, and even when a finish community is adequately compensated for the bad, those who receive the compensation will non ever be those who bear the cost. As celebrated earlier, an inevitable result of this is conflict, and possibly unsurprisingly-much attempt is expended in seeking to happen ways of identifying, mensurating and pull offing the impacts of touristry so as to avoid, or at least mitigate, some of that struggle. From an economic position, it is interesting to observe that many of the positive impacts of touristry that are identified within the literature ar e fiscal. A more thorough treatment of these effects is contained in the 2nd subdivision of this chapter, but suffices to state here, when tourers spend money within local communities, they raise regional incomes- sometimes by more than the value of their disbursement. As might be expected, there is a significant organic structure of research that seeks to gauge the magnitude of this part in assorted scenes. Consequently, both the degree and the distribution of touristry impact ( positive and negative ) will change harmonizing to the aggregative figure of visitants, the visitant direction government and the type of visitant that are attracted to a part. Importantly, since difference parts are known to pull different types of visitants, contrivers can non merely presume that what is good ( or bad ) for one part will besides be good ( or bad ) for another. 2.2 VISITOR CENTER However, based on ( Philip L. Pearce, 2004, ) he analyzes that visitant Centre operation in the Four Plus theoretical account waiters to present and construction a sequence of actions required to heighten visitant Centre operation in a part. Four phases can be considered in the design and usage of visitant centres. There are rules of good pattern and sometimes significant bing research grounds to back up the implicit in suggestions for this good pattern. Phase 1 Planning Set out a part overview of visitant Centre maps. Match the mix of maps for a specific Centre to the regional overview Decide or adjust the specific Centre s maps Establish a signage and publicity program. Phase 2 BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION Ensure easy entree Identify all users and their utilizations Design for the hereafter Be a theoretical account for ecological sustainability. Phase 3 INTERPRETIVE AND INTERIOR DISPLAY DESIGN Have a good physical orientation system Design for assortment Use subjects Make personal connexions to visitants Allows for different visitant demand and involvements Phase 4 MANAGEMENT AND MAINTENANCE Development service quality orientation among staff Manage to encompass alteration and freshness in Centre Develop effectual coverage to stakeholders Facilitate voluntary and community input. Phases in the design and usage of visitant Centres. ( The Function and Planning of Visitor Center in Regional Tourism ) 2.3 FACILITIES Residents single wealth may be augmented through labour earning, lifting existent belongings values, or return on capital invested in tourers installations ( J.R Brent Ritchie and Charles R. Goeldner, 1994 ) . Corporations are occupants excessively, and their wealth additions with net incomes and lifting plus values. As a practical affair, economic benefit surveies have focus on labour income and by and large ignored the other steps. This is chiefly due to the trouble of gauging additions in existent belongings values from tourers, corporate net incomes of touristry installations, and return on touristry capital investing. Furthermore this wealth increases frequently accrue to non-residents of the country as absentee owners.There is an inexplicit consensus in economic benefit surveies that wish to find the benefits accruing to occupants. These are the people necessitating employment if touristry is viewed as an economic stimulation, and they are the people who choose the country s p olitical leaders and representatives. While touristry development undertakings sometimes end up profiting absentee proprietors more than occupants, it is improbable the occupant and local authorities originally had this aim in head. Measures of the direct benefits of travel disbursement in an country usually comprise concern grosss of gross gross revenues of constitutions in the country visited, personal income ( normally limited to signifiers of compensation paid to employees, such as rewards, wages, committees, fillips, holiday allowances, tips, etc ) , employment in term of entire occupations or full-time equivalent occupations, and national, province and local revenue enhancement gross. Travel outgos by themselves tell us comparatively small about the economic benefits of touristry to an country. One ground is that concerns may utilize most of their grosss generated by visitant outgos to buy goods from outside the country, go forthing small impact in the local economic system. O nce traveler outgo estimations are produced y the appropriate outgo theoretical account, the economic impact they generate can be stimulated. This kernel of constructing a theoretical account for gauging the economic benefit of touristry in an country is to abstract the major relationships runing among travel outgos, employment, labour net incomes, net incomes and revenue enhancement gross. The diversion chance spectrum identified ons include a hotel with private baths and nutrient services compared to makeshift tent adjustment with no services. Facilities can provide wholly to the convenience and enjoyment or safety of users, or may be nonexistent supplying a true wilderness experience. 2.4 TOURISM LIFE CYCLE Conversely, ( Martin and Uysal, 1990 ) argue that each province in the life rhythm that are geographic expedition, engagement, development, consolidation and stagnancy will uncover different capacity thresholds and requires distinguishable policy responses. They suggest that in the geographic expedition phase, capacity might be about infinite on a societal degree, but there are serious restrictions originating from a deficiency of substructure. During stagnancy, nevertheless, many tourers can be accommodated, but societal jobs can bring forth resident resistance to growing. Tourism policy can be related to this dynamic interaction of capacity and life rhythm, with the purpose of accomplishing a coveted place or bettering on unacceptable conditions. Assorted be aftering actions would be introduced during each phase, get downing with ordinances and environmental protection in the geographic expedition phase. During growing and adulthood, direction of alteration is the precedence, in or der to forestall impairment or diminution. If diminution is experienced, determinations must be made on whether it is desirable to seek to rejuvenate the tourer industry, and on what means ( such as inducements ) might be used. They conclude that program can be formulated to command alterations, if the alterations can be predicted. Harmonizing to ( Anna Blackman, 2004 ) , as peripheral communities experience downswings in planetary and regional economic systems, and loss of employment chances, service and immature people, touristry is frequently pursued as the saviour of their towns. Although touristry can hold many advantages such as supplying employment, bring forthing foreign exchange, and supplying substructure, the worlds of touristry are non ever clearly understood. To be successful in touristry development attempt, there need to emerge at least one person, who, in add-on to being slightly knowing about the touristry industry, is enthusiastic, energetic, and able to actuate others. Finally, a diverse group of persons who are interested in touristry development and mirror the value of the community must be brought together to pool their thoughts, involvements, concerns and resources. 2.5 SUSTAINABLE Tourism Sustainable touristry means different things for different people, depending on their place and positions. Typically it is frequently associated with touristry development and direction forms that provide people with permanent support with minimal resources depletion and environment debasement. ( Bill Bramwell and Bernard Lane, 2005 ) argues that sustainable touristry is more than a niche country of survey, and that research workers are now get downing to acknowledge and analyze its full comprehensiveness and relevancy. It reviews the functions of academic diaries in the survey of sustainable touristry. It notes the impact and deductions for sustainable touristry research and publication of the rapid growing in touristry diaries and documents. It contents that sustainable touristry s relevancy would be better acknowledge if more research adopted broader research positions, with capable affair set in its socio-economic and ecological contexts and attacks embedded in the societal and n atural scientific discipline. Chapter 3 3.0 METHODOLOGY This chapter discussed the methodological analysis employ in this research, the economic benefit of touristry in Perlis. This chapter consists of method, trying, construction of the questionnaire and the information analysis. In this survey, the research uses a quantitative method in informations assemblage. This is because this method are easy to carry on and cheap. In fact, by utilizing this method, the research worker will acquire the respond non in the long period 3.1 POPULATION AND SAMPLE OF STUDY Survey in the signifier of questionnaire was developing to look into the economic benefits by developing touristry in Perlis. The population of this survey would be dwelling of people in Perlis. The sample selected suitably reflected to the people at Perlis in respect to ethnicity, gender and age. Besides, method like observation besides been use in the research to roll up informations information. This is because, by making observation, people will understand and cognize really good why touristry in Perlis was non developed and the same clip non generates economic benefit in the province. The most popular travel outgo appraisal method in the literature is to study a chance samples of travellers, either while going or in their places. The consequence from inquiries or outgos can so be projected to green goodss estimation of concern grosss in assorted types of concerns. Surveies of travellers can be conducted as they enter an country ( entry study ) , as they leave the country ( exit study ) , or while in the country under survey ( visitor studies ) . In add-on, en path studies can be conducted while riders are going on an aeroplane, train, coach or ship. Among these, entry studies are the least satisfactory because they can non obtain information on existent outgos in the country, merely amounts intended, or budgeted , to be spent. 3.2 Instrument Two instruments were administered in this survey which is primary and secondary informations. For the primary informations, people in Perlis were given signifiers of questionnaires. A five point Likert graduated table runing from one to five which represent one ( satisfied ) until five ( non satisfied ) . The inquiries will carry through the aims of the survey. All the signifiers will be evaluate and analyze to place which factors can utilize to accomplish the ends of this research. While the reappraisal and survey from few diaries, articles and cyberspace beginning will be use as secondary informations. This information are the information that already been usage before by other research workers. Design Perlis citizen from different gender, age and ethnicity are given a list of inquiry and are instructed to put a midst in forepart of the statement with which they agree. This signifier of inquiries will divided into two subdivision which are subdivision A and subdivision B. Section A consists of human ecology of the respondents such as gender, age, spiritual, and business. However in subdivision B, the inquiries are more relate with the research inquiries. It s more about the sentiment of the tourers and besides their suggestions on how to heighten the economic benefit in Perlis. The tourers besides can adverting about the jobs or challenges faced by them during their visiting. Procedure The process of this questionnaire can be conducted in a few yearss. Around 200 of people in Perlis will be given the signifier to reply. The research inquiry should be clear and easy to understand to do certain the respondents will give the appropriate and relevant reply. This process can act upon and convert the respondents that this research is systematic. DATA COLLECTION There are two stairss in roll uping informations that are conduct by pilot survey and existent survey. Both of these stairss is to find how the information and the information about this research being gather and behavior. PILOT STUDY The intent of pilot survey is to supply critical information on the badness of proposed processs or interventions. Pilot survey will be conducted by making observation, study from diary and on-line beginning. ACTUAL STUDY The existent survey is the clip restraints during making this research. This research will be conduct in Mei and June. There are many manner to administer the questionnaire either by self administrative, mail out or by manus. But the most appropriate manner is by manus because more easy and no cost. The signifier of inquiries will be distributed for 200 of people in Perlis. DATA ANALYSIS Factor analysis was carried to analyze the implicit in factors of market orientation. This process was besides used to cut down the concepts into some common factors could supply possible implicit in variables. Through informations collected that utilizing pilot survey and existent survey, the informations will be analyze by seting it into trial. The information collected will be cardinal into SPSS system. The information will be utilizing Regressions A ; Correlation Tests. This trial is more easy to construe. RESEARCH FRAMEWORK INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE INTERACTION DEVELOPMENT TOURISM IN VISITOR CENTER PERLIS Facility TOURISM LIFE CYCLE